Dandruff is a common chronic scalp condition characterized by flaking and itching, affecting up to 50% of the adult population worldwide. Its pathophysiology involves increased sebaceous gland activity, impaired skin barrier function, and the proliferation of lipophilic yeasts, particularly Malassezia species [1]. These fungi metabolize triglycerides in sebum into unsaturated fatty acids that can irritate the scalp and trigger an inflammatory response, contributing to the cycle of flaking and pruritus [2].

Tea tree oil (TTO), extracted from the leaves of Melaleuca alternifolia, is known for its antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties. Its active component, terpinen-4-ol, has been shown to be effective against Malassezia species. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial found that a 5% TTO shampoo significantly reduced dandruff severity and associated symptoms such as itch and greasiness after four weeks of consistent use [3].

Mechanistically, tea tree oil disrupts the fungal cell membrane, increasing permeability and leading to cell lysis [4]. Additionally, terpinen-4-ol reduces production of pro-inflammatory cytokines like TNF-α and IL-1β, contributing to reduced scalp irritation [5]. These combined antifungal and anti-inflammatory actions make TTO a compelling option for managing dandruff, particularly in formulations designed for long-term scalp health.

DandRx, a clinically informed anti-dandruff formulation, incorporates pharmaceutical-grade tea tree oil at a 5% concentration — the level supported by clinical trials — alongside other evidence-based ingredients. The formulation leverages tea tree oil’s dual-action mechanism to address both the microbial overgrowth and inflammation that underlie dandruff, while maintaining a gentle base suitable for regular use. By integrating TTO in a concentration that balances efficacy with tolerability, DandRx offers patients a scientifically supported, botanically based alternative to traditional antifungal shampoos.

References

1. Borda, L. J., & Wikramanayake, T. C. (2015). Seborrheic dermatitis and dandruff: a comprehensive review. J Clin Investig Dermatol, 3(2), 10.13188/2373-1044.1000019.

2. Ro, B. I., & Dawson, T. L. (2005). The role of sebaceous gland activity and scalp microfloral metabolism in the etiology of seborrheic dermatitis and dandruff. J Invest Dermatol Symp Proc, 10(3), 194–197.

3. Satchell, A. C., Saurajen, A., Bell, C., & Barnetson, R. S. (2002). Treatment of dandruff with 5% tea tree oil shampoo. J Am Acad Dermatol, 47(6), 852–855.

4. Hammer, K. A., Carson, C. F., & Riley, T. V. (2003). Antifungal effects of Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree) oil and its components. J Antimicrob Chemother, 53(6), 1081–1085.

5. Koh, K. J., Pearce, A. L., Marshman, G., Finlay-Jones, J. J., & Hart, P. H. (2002). Tea tree oil reduces histamine-induced skin inflammation. Br J Dermatol, 147(6), 1212–1217.